Great_storm_of_1703

The Great Storm of 1703 is the most severe storm ever recorded in the British Isles. It affected southern England and the English Channel. A 120-mph (193-km/h) "perfect hurricane", it started on 24 November 1703, and did not die down until 2 December.

Observers at the time recorded barometric readings as low as 973 millibars (measured by William Derham in South EssexPhilosophical Transactions (1704–5), 24 (no. 289), 1530–4.), but it has been suggested that the storm may have deepened to 950 millibars over the Midlands.

Damage

At sea, many ships (many returning from helping the King of Spain fight the French in the War of the Spanish Succession) were wrecked, including HMS Resolution at Pevensey and on the Goodwin Sands, HMS Stirling Castle, HMS Northumberland and HMS Restoration, with about 1,500 seamen killed particularly on the Goodwins. Between 8,000 - 15,000 lives were lost overall.

The first Eddystone Lighthouse was destroyed on 27 November, killing six occupants.

The number of oak trees lost in the New Forest alone was 4,000.

On the Thames, around 700 ships were heaped together in the Pool, the section downstream from London Bridge. HMS Vanguard was wrecked at Chatham. HMS Association was blown from the Thames Estuary to Gothenburg in Sweden before way could be made back to England.

In London, the lead roofing was blown off Westminster Abbey and Queen Anne had to shelter in a cellar at St. James\'s Palace to avoid collapsing chimneys and part of the roof.

There was extensive and prolonged flooding in the West Country, particularly around Bristol.

At Wells, Bishop Richard Kidder was killed when two chimneystacks in the palace fell on the bishop and his wife, asleep in bed. This same storm blew in part of the great west window in Wells Cathedral.

Beliefs and response

The storm was generally thought to be reckoned to represent the anger of God — in recognition of the "crying sins of this nation", the government declared 16 December a day of fasting, saying it "loudly calls for the deepest and most solemn humiliation of our people". It remained a frequent topic of moralizing in sermons for the next half century.

Literary

The Great Storm also coincided with the increase in English journalism, and was the first weather event to be a news story on a national scale. Special issue broadsheets were produced detailing damage to property and stories of people who had been killed.

Daniel Defoe produced his first book, The Storm, published in July 1704, in response to the calamity, calling it "the tempest that destroyed woods and forests all over England". "No pen could describe it, nor tongue express it, nor thought conceive it unless by one in the extremity of it," he wrote of it. Coastal towns such as Portsmouth "looked as if the enemy had sackt them and were most miserably torn to pieces". He thought the destruction of the sovereign fleet was a punishment for their poor performance against the Catholic armies of France and Spain during the first year of the War of the Spanish Succession.

13 ships lost in the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy was indeed badly affected and lost no fewer than thirteen ships, and upwards of fifteen hundred seamen drowned.

• The Restoration, a third rate, Captain Emms, 387 men, on the Goodwin Sands; not one saved.
• The Northumberland, a third rate, Captain Greenway, lost on the Goodwin Sands; all her company was lost, being 220 men, including twenty-four marines.
• The Stirling Castle, a third rate, Captain Johnson, on the Goodwin sands, 70 men, of which four marine officers were saved, the rest were drowned, being 206.
• The Mary, a fourth rate, Rear-admiral Beaumont, Captain Edward Hopson, on the Goodwin Sands, the captain and purser ashore; one man, whose name was Thomas Atkins, saved; the rest, to the number of 269 with the rear-admiral, drowned. The escape of this Atkins was very remarkable - He saw the rear-admiral, when the ship was breaking, get upon a piece of her quarter-deck, from which he was soon washed off; and about the same time, Atkins was tossed by a wave into the Stirling Castle, which sinking soon after, he was thrown the third man into her boat, by a wave that washed him from the wreck.
• The Mortar-bomb, a fifth rate, Captain Raymond, on the Goodwin Sands; all her company lost, being 65.

• The Eagle advice boat, a sixth rate, Captain Bostock, lost on the Coast of Sussex; all her company, being 45, saved.
• The Resolution, a third rate, Captain Lisle, on the coast of Sussex; all her company, being 221, saved.
• The Litchfield Prize, a fifth rate, Captain Chamberlain, on time coast of Sussex; all her company, being 108, saved.

• The Newcastle, a fourth rate, Captain Carter, lost at Spithead. The carpenter and 39 men were saved, and the rest, being 193, drowned.
• The Vesuvius fire-ship, a fifth rate, Captain Paddon, at Spithead; all her company, being 48, saved.

• The Reserve, a fourth rate, Captain John Anderson, commander, lost at Yarmouth. The captain, the surgeon, the clerk, and 44 men saved; the rest of the crew drowned, being 175.
• The Vanguard, a second rate, sunk in Chatham harbour, with neither, men nor guns in her.
• The York, a fourth rate, Captain Smith, lost at Harwich ; all her men saved except four.

See also

• European windstorm
• List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll

External links

• Analysis by Risk Management Solutions (pdf)
• BBC - The Great Storm of 1703
• A Biographical Memoir of Sir Cloudesly Shovell

Notes

References

• Defoe, Daniel (Hamblyn, Richard, ed.) (2005). The Storm. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-143992-0. .

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